Patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability on interannual and longer timescales result from a combination of atmospheric and oceanic processes. These SST anomaly patterns may be due to intrinsic modes of atmospheric circulation variability that imprint themselves upon the SST field mainly via surface energy fluxes. Examples include SST fluctuations in the Southern Ocean associated wi...

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter used in many applications, such as fisheries, weather forecasting as boundary condition, and monitoring of climate changes. In these applications, SST is necessary under both fine and cloudy conditions, which can be made by passive microwave radiometers in particular under cloudy condition. To measure SST by microwave radiometers, frequenc...

An analysis of historical sea surface temperatures provides evidence for global warming since 1900, in line with land-based analyses of global temperature trends, and also shows that over the same period, the eastern equatorial Pacific cooled and the zonal sea surface temperature gradient strengthened. Recent theoretical studies have predicted such a pattern as a response of the coupled ocean-a...

a prediction of maximum monthly rainfall is indispensable for management of agriculture and for management of water resources. previous studies have demonstrated that see surface temperatures affect rainfall in their surrounding regions. in this study the relationship between sea surface temperatures of persian gulf and that of red sea, and maximum monthly rainfalls recorded at illam meteorolog...

The purpose of this paper is to focus on improvements to the climate-scale SST analyses produced at NOAA as described by Reynolds and Smith (1994) and Reynolds et al. (2002). This analysis uses infrared (IR) satellite data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and in situ data from ships and buoys. The analysis is done by optimum interpolation (OI) with a separate step to co...

We examine 800-year time series of internally generated variability in both a coupled ocean-atmosphere model where water vapor anomalies are not allowed to interact with longwave radiation and one where they are. The ENSO-like phenomenon in the experiment without water vapor feedback is drastically suppressed both in amplitude and geographic extent relative to the experiment with water vapor fe...

Short term forecasts of meteorological parameters (including precipitation) over the oceans is often difficult because of the lack of observations used to initialize the forecast models in these regions. While sea surface temperature (SST) fields derived from satellite and in situ data currently provided to the models provide some large scale information on surface forcing, the small scale grad...

[1] SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) is a European Space Agency mission that aims at generating global ocean salinity maps with an accuracy of 0.1 psu, at spatial and temporal resolution suitable for climatic studies. The satellite sensor is an L-band (1400–1427 MHz) aperture synthesis interferometric radiometer. Sea surface salinity (SSS) can be retrieved since the brightness temperatur...

CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) data collected in the coastal waters of Rudsar in summer 2008 were analyzed to identify the isothermal layers, thermocline depth and vertical structure of seawater properties. During the survey, probe was released into the seawater column down to 117 m depth. Results showed a vertical variation of temperature between 29°C at the sea surface and less tha...