in this work we deal with the question: how can one improve the approximation level for some nonlinear integral equations? good candidates for this aim are semi orthogonal b-spline scaling functions and their duals. although there are different works in this area, only b-spline of degree at most 2 are used for this approximation. here we compute b-spline scaling functions of degree 4 and their ...

Measurement of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, is normally affected by flow patterns such as macro pore; however, most current techniques do  not differentiate flow types, causing major problems in describing water and chemical flows within the soil matrix. This study compares eight models for scaling Ks and predicted matrix and macro pore Ks, using a database composed of 50 datasets...

the arya and paris model is a commonly accepted method to translate a particle-size distribution curve into a corresponding soil moisture characteristic curve using scaling parameter (α). the scaling parameter, in the original model of arya and paris (1981), was assumed constant (α=1.38) for all soil texture classes. in recent years, several studies have shown that α is not constant and its qua...

Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) consisting of two or more different types of fibers has been widely investigated because of its superior mechanical properties. In the present study, the effect of the addition of steel (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% of concrete volume) and Polypropylene (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of concrete volume) fibers on the surface scaling resistance of concrete, depth of ...

The intensity –duration –frequency (IDF) curves play most important role in watershed management, flood control and hydraulic design of structures. Conventional method for calculating the IDF curves needs hourly rainfall data in different durations which is not extensively available in many regions. Instead 24-hour precipitation statistics were measured in most rain-gauge stations. In this stud...

Various scaling methods such as relative viscosity, Peclet and Reynolds scaling were used to find the best scaling law. Scaling and modeling of the flow curves of various model emulsions consist of Tragacanth Gum (TG) (0.5, 1 % wt), Oleic acid (5, 10% v/v) and WPI (2, 4 % wt) were investigated and the best models were selected. As these emulsions are non-Newtonian, they do not obey the usual...

study of the spatial variability of infiltration characteristics is essential to estimating infiltration parameters on a local scale. the objectives of the present study were to scale the parameters of a philip two-term model for infiltration and survey the variability of infiltration characteristics geostatistically using wastewater in the bajgah catchment. infiltration was measured at 30 poin...