Membrane-based technologies have increasingly been chosen in desalination processes, which is evidenced by the increase of large-scale plants constructed in recent years. Indeed, several appropriate strategies should be considered to minimize problems faced during the construction, such as membrane system designs, area requirement, energy requirement, operation and maintenance, and environmenta...

Collective intelligence has been defined as the ability of a group to provide more effective solutions to problems than could be otherwise provided by any of its individual members working alone. Social-structures are the means by which humans are able to synergistically combine their efforts to provide high-quality solutions to the problems facing the group. Over time, these structures have gr...

Reliability evaluation of a large-scale composite power system faces to numerous events/outage and consequently imposes an extensive burden of calculations. In order to simplify the problem, determination of an equivalent system for large-scale power system is inevitable. This paper proposes a framework as reduction technique to separate a composite power system to three areas: external area, o...