since the beginning of human history, one of the basic dilemmas that every political institution must solve is how to exercise legitimate authority- that is, how to govern with the consent. “you can’t sit on bayonets,” goes an old political expression. this is a way of saying that although a state can exercise its power through the use of police force or coercion, in the long run the use of for...

the dabuyids is a local dynasty who managed to dominate over an area known as padashwargar for more than a century. they came to power when on the one hand the sassanid empire was on the decline, and on the other hand the arab invasion had become irresistible. however, the dabuyids managed to take root in such circumstances and survive powerfully for a long time. the dabuyids even remained aliv...

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the pharmaceutical knowledge and the medical science are very old in iran. during sassanid era, people who studied medicine or pharmacy at gondi-shapour university, had permission to treat sick people. after interruption in the progress of medicine and pharmacy, during the islamic civilization, these sciences were spread and became under control of the government. this research has presented th...

In Late Antiquity Arabia, under the Byzantine and Sassanid states, there are many decentralized nomadic or sedentary tribal political structures in addition to centralized organizations. There constant conflicts wars between tribes. reasons for their such as booty, blood feud, revenge, border violations. All these relative multiplicity of show that inter-tribal a form life pre-Islamic period. T...