introduction: in recent years the development of small cities and including through promoting of villages to city as one of the main policies to improve quality of life in rural areas were considered in iran and according this during recent decades a large number of villages have been changed to city. while urbanization in developing countries have been many problems such as lack of housing and...

historic cities contain an old urban structure, which have been formed over time, based on the city’s identity features and have emanated in the form of historical relations and elements; therefore the quality of interventions took place in these contexts couldn’t be ignored. tabriz is one of iran’s most important historic cities that its structural identity has changed throughout history due t...

iran, between third to fifth centuries ad, witnessed one of the urbanization boom periods in his history. in this period, iranian towns were capable of commodity exchange and  manufacturing  products. in this context, growth of knowledge and rationalism , moderation in politics, community participation, growth and development of the intellectual trends and movements caused rationality and reaso...

1. introduction composition and letter writing are some of the most important issues that have been addressed in the past. especially at the ninth and tenth centuries hegira (teimurian era), valuable works have been composed in this regard, as some have reviewed and attended to the structure, while others have collected the original and content of the letters by the past eminent scholars. these...

•There are 3 main approaches to glaucoma surgery: subconjunctival, Schlemm canal–based, and suprachoroidal/ciliary body.•Subconjunctival surgery is ideal for patients with advanced disease, low target pressures, prior failed surgery.•Although transscleral cyclophotocoagulation has classically been reserved refractory glaucoma, micropulse technology might become an indispensable tool used earlie...