existence of energy reserves as god-given assets was considered as a unique opportunity for the former republics of soviet :union: , their dependence on the former center (russia) for transferring energy to the consuming markets has confronted them with various challenges. as one of these republics, turkmenistan enjoys excellent geo-economic status since a long time ago due to its huge natural ...

during the past 500 years, iran and russia have experienced many ups and downs in their relations which have been accompanied with enmity and amity. these relations varied from cooperation under the safavids to enmity, war and interventions under the qajar dynasty, then to hostile and sometimes friendly relations under the pahlavi rule, and finally to collaborations within the past two decades ...

historically, turkish-russian relations have been cold and distant. during the cold war, the two former rivals viewed each other with hostility. after the fall of the ussr and in the early 1990s, the grounds were paved for the improvement in the bilateral ties. even though the two states have different military and security concerns, they have established closer relations in economic and trade ...

the caucasus region is located between the black sea and the caspian sea in south of the russian federation, north west of iran and north east of turkey. geographical situation and strategic significance of the south caucasus, have turned it to one of the most important parts of the world. in an atmosphere of the us -russia geostrategic competition and possibility of waging a cold war between t...

the purpose of this article is to deal with causes and trends of china and latin america foreign policy in hu jintao era. before hu presidency, china had more tendency to promoting relations with the west, but during this period (hu’s era) third world countries like africa and latin america countries gained their precedent positions in china foreign policy. the main question raised here, is “wh...

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iran's relation with one of the largest countries, that is, russia (the soviet :union:) has under gone many changes. one of the brilliant examples of the changing policies of russia towards iran is, no doubt, the years 1941 to 1953. in this period, most of graceful communist parties' rise and fall is making relations between iran and russia. tudeh party, ferghe democrate azerbaijan an...

we try the best to scrutinize the process of cooperation and especially the convergence between russian and north atlantic treaty based on constructivism theory. both sides have continued the enmity after terminating cold war and collapse of russia, despite of change in international structure and patterns. both sides could have solved common needs and problems through more cooperation and coll...