This paper investigates the economic conditions of rural households in China. Historical survey data indicate that over 80 per cent of rural households earn less than 4,500 yuan in net disposable income each year, that for the vast majority of rural households disposable income is insufficient to meet food consumption needs, and that in terms of economic growth rural households are receiving an...

Key messages Barriers to entry are • key when designing value chain interventions: they must not be so high as to exclude the poor, but they must be sufficiently high to allow participants to gain meaningfully from engaging in the chain. Value chain interven• tions have overemphasised the role of the poor as producers as the main means of reducing rural poverty. In fact, the poor engage with va...

Poverty is the most serious threat to natural resources and the environment and most of the poor are rural-based who engage in various agricultural activities. Land is a critical asset for the rural poor and lacking means to appropriately intensify agriculture which compels the poor to either overuse or misuse this natural resource base to meet basic needs. This study presents empirical relatio...

The majority of rural population in Iran has limited access to agricultural information. However, bridging the digital gap between urban and rural areas has been a major challenge for authorities in Iran. Using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for poverty reduction and for the economic empowerment of poor women and men in rural areas have been experienced world wide. Tele-centers ...

the prevalence of sarcoptes in rural areas has been investigated by many investigators. sarcoptes infestation in areas with poor education and hygienic is higher than urban areas. in this study, one severe case of sarcoptes scabiei in­festation is described from a four months old child. confirmation of scabies was done by clinical examination of child and by the identification of the mite by mi...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse...

Maternal complications and poor perinatal outcome are highly associated with nonutilisation of antenatal and delivery care services and poor socioeconomic conditions of the patient. It is essential that all pregnant women have access to high quality obstetric care throughout their pregnancies. Present longitudinal study was carried out to compare utilization of maternal and child health care se...