The ultimate climate emergency is a 'runaway greenhouse': a hot and water-vapour-rich atmosphere limits the emission of thermal radiation to space, causing runaway warming. Warming ceases only after the surface reaches approximately 1400 K and emits radiation in the near-infrared, where water is not a good greenhouse gas. This would evaporate the entire ocean and exterminate all planetary life....

Self-consistent modeling of the evolution of the plasma current during disruptions in large tokamaks is presented, taking into account both the generation of runaway electrons and their backreaction on the electric field. It is found that the current profile changes dramatically, so that the postdisruption current carried by runaway electrons is much more peaked than the thermal predisruption c...

This paper generalizes the theory of the electron runaway and runaway discharge to the case of a laminar electric field at an arbitrary angle to the magnetic field and derives the relevant threshold conditions. It is shown that the conditions of the runaway process depend on the angle between the electric and magnetic fields, and the ratio of their magnitudes. In fact, the geomagnetic field hin...

Thermal runaway is mitigated by changing the geometry of current

Case histories of 263 incidents involving runaway reactions of the type A + B→ products, carried out in industrial batch reactors have been analysed on the basis of unit processes involved, initiating factors and type of industry. The case histories were drawn from Health and Safety Executive files, industrial records and the open literature. Although the data has no absolute statistical value,...

The number of runaway adolescents has continued to increase in recent years. Despite the growth and pervasive problems of high levels of stress and low levels of positive coping strategies to deal with this stress, scant research has been devoted to stress and coping among this population. This study is the first of its kind to explore stressors and coping strategies of runaway youths. Particip...

This work focuses on runaway behaviour of industrial catalytic tube-reactor and presents how decision trees can be used for forecasting the runaway. The steady-state simulator of the reactor and runaway criterion based on Ljapunov’s indirect stability analysis have been used to generate the database used by the decision tree induction algorithm. The extracted logical rules can be used in an ope...

The theory of thermal explosion specifies the conditions for a "runaway" temperature rise in systems undergoing exothermic reaction or decomposition. It provides a means for predicting the probable behaviour of such systems in practice, even though they may depart appreciably from the ideal, and it can guide the choice both of experimental methods for hazard assessment and of measures for avoid...