We discuss bootstrap confidence intervals for short-run and long-run demand and supply elasticities for imports and exports. We use Koshal, Shukla and Koirla’s (1992) simultaneous equation demand and supply model for Indian exports based on 1960-1986 data. Although the long run price elasticity of supply is large, (about 25) and significant, the asymptotic as well as bootstrap confidence interv...

The aim of this study was to gain insights into the factors affecting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Saudi Arabia by applying cointegration and error-correction model on annual data over period 2000-2020. results ARDL bound test co-integration displayed existence long-run equilibrium model. regression report that openness, government spending economic stability are statistically sign...

Pacific Economic Bulletin Volume 21 Number 2 2006 © Asia Pacific Press Granger causality tests confirm the results from the bounds-testing approach of the long-run relationships between Fiji’s economic growth and fiscal and monetary policies and exports. Government expenditure, representing fiscal policy, is assessed to have a greater impact than monetary policy and exports on Fiji’s gross dome...

The aim of this study is to the long run relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Trade (Imports & Exports) and Economic growth for Pakistan. The co-integrating VAR framework is used to find the relationship over the period of 1965 to 2005. The results show that there are two long run relationships exist between GDP, Imports and Exports and FDI. First long run relationship shows that both ...

The relationship between government debt, exports and economic growth has been the focus of a considerable number of academic studies in recent years. The economic crisis, which started in the United States mortgage market, quickly went global when mortgage-backed securities traded by financial institutions. Europe’s response was immediate regarding the measures to tackle the crisis. The establ...

This paper investigates whether energy consumption, population density, and exports are the main factors causing environmental damage in China. Using annual data from 1971–2018, unit root tests applied for stationarity analyses, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds used long-run relationships between variables. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger approach is employed to exami...

Ukrainian exports can be explained by standard demand theory in the long run. Using the Johansen procedure the data do not reject the hypothesis of a unit foreign-production elasticity of Ukrainian exports, which are rather price-elastic inputs for foreign producers. It is argued that due to high domestic inflation and substantial real appreciation of the hryvnia there might be a deterministic ...