in A Week with Elephants (eds Daniel, J. C. and Datye, H. S.), Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1995, pp. 532. 35. Poole, J. H., Coming of Age with Elephants, Hyperion Press, New York, 1996. 36. Vidya, T. N. C., Fernando, P., Melnick, D. J. and Sukumar, R., Molecular genetic structure and conservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) populations across Indi...

Recent empirical evidence for complex cognition in elephants suggests that greater attention to comparative studies between non-human primates and other animals is warranted. We have previously shown that elephants possess the ability to judge the difference between two discrete quantities, and unlike other animals, their choice does not appear to be affected by distance or overall quantity. In...

This study examined the distribution of 495 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and 336 African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in 194 zoos, most of which were located in Europe (49.1%) and North America (32.6%). Cows outnumbered bulls 4 to 1 (Loxodonta) and 3 to 1 (Elephas). Groups contained 7 or fewer: mean, 4.28 (sigma = 5.73). One fifth of elephants lived alone or with one conspecific. Forty-s...

The Asian or Asiatic elephant [1] is the only living species of the genus Elephas and is distributed in Southeast Asia from India in the west to Borneo in the east [2]. They are the largest living land animals in Asia and are primarily threatened by degradation, fragmentation loss of habitat and poaching [1]. Female captive elephants live beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings, ...