Despite growing scientific interest in the placebo effect and increasing understanding of neurobiological mechanisms, theoretical modeling of the placebo response remains poorly developed. The most extensively accepted theories are expectation and conditioning, involving both conscious and unconscious information processing. However, it is not completely understood how these mechanisms can shap...

The associative processes that support free-operant instrumental avoidance behavior are still unknown. We used a revaluation procedure to determine whether the performance of an avoidance response is sensitive to the current value of the aversive, negative reinforcer. Rats were trained on an unsignaled, free-operant lever press avoidance paradigm in which each response avoided or escaped shock ...

This paper examines the nature of stimulus representation in associative learning systems. Specifically, it addresses the issue of whether representation is elemental or configural in nature. We use a human causal learning paradigm, employing contingencies more commonly associated with studies of retrospective revaluation. Whereas most models of retrospective revaluation view it as an entirely ...

The concordance between performance and judgements of the causal effectiveness of an instrumental action suggests that such actions are mediated by causal knowledge. Although causal learning exhibits many associative phenomena--blocking, inhibitory or preventative learning, and super-learning--judgements of the causal status of a cue can be changed retrospectively as a result of learning episod...

Previous studies demonstrated that participants will retrospectively adjust their ratings about the relation between a target cue and an outcome on the basis of information about the causal status of a competing cue that was previously paired with the target cue. We demonstrate that such retrospective revaluation effects occur not only for target cues with which the competing cue was associated...

This study aims to analyze the application of depreciation methods, useful life, and revaluation fixed assets company's financial performance. The data analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative. research was conducted at PG Ngadiredjo which one business units PT. Perkebunan Nusantara X. There are certain that need be revalued in value every few days. Revaluation will affect on balance...

Bamboo is a grassy plant that grows rapidly, also renewable natural resource and with high yield. There are many applications uses of bamboo, which led to its planting around the world. Among industries in bamboo has by now experienced extensive exploitation, we can remember textile, construction, furniture ; even food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. Biomass material used as energy reso...