For energy saving retrofit projects, its economics are usually evaluated in terms of capital investment and payback time. The capital investment is in direct relation to the total heat recovery area of the network and the payback time factor is base on both the area and the energy savings. The debottlenecking is an increased throughput, which can be profitable in economic sense. The combination...

BACKGROUND Funding for research is under pressure to be accountable in terms of benefits and translation of research findings into practice and policy. Primary health care research has considerable potential to improve health care in a wide range of settings, but little is known about the extent to which these impacts actually occur. This study examines the impact of individual primary health c...

Certain classes of social and economic networks display a set of fundamentally similar characteristics: individuals benefit from being in groups, and the groups are internally organized in a hierarchical fashion where benefit is allocated unequally. To better understand how these networks evolve and maintain themselves, we developed a model that grows hierarchical networks through the local act...

Background Between 1990 and 2015, under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) declined by 53%, from an estimated rate of 91 deaths per 1000 live births to 43, globally. The aim of this study was to determine the share of health research systems in this decrease alongside other influential factors.   Methods We used random effect regression models including the ‘random intercept’ and ‘random intercept and ran...

The purpose of this study is to conduct the financial and emission analysis of the Lahendong site as a case study of geothermal powerplant in Indonesia. The outputs of energy model in RETScreen worksheet are power capacity, electricity generation, annual GHG emission reduction, the Internal Rate Return (IRR) and payback period. The sensitivity analyses also were carried out at two scenarios (no...

Many companies in India manufacture solar water heaters but these are not becoming popular in the domestic sector because of their high cost. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), New Delhi is recommending flat-plate collectors with copper (Cu) risers, headers and plate. Therefore, their cost is high. Long term studies have been carried out at the Central Arid Zone Research In...

The maintenance in the long run of a positive carbon balance under very low irradiance is a prerequisite for survival of tree seedlings below the canopy or in small gaps in a tropical rainforest. To provide a quantitative basis for this assumption, experiments were carried out to determine whether construction cost (CC) and payback time for leaves and support structures, as well as leaf life sp...