Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been shown to interfere with physiological systems, i.e., adversely affecting hormone balance (endocrine system) , or disrupting normal function, in the female and male reproductive organs. Although endocrine disruption is a global concern for human health, its impact and significance and the screening strategy for detecting these synthetic or man-made...

Prior to 1971, women had some difficulty obtaining contraceptive materials due to a law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives by anyone other than a registered physician or registered pharmacist. This limited access to contraceptives had an impact on women?s reproductive rights [6] and it was the Supreme Court case Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) that helped bring the issue into the public ...

Prostaglandins (PGs) are necessary for normal female reproduction. PGs act via their respective receptors and execute various functions in their target tissues depending on which type of receptor being activated. PG receptors are G-protein coupled receptors mediating various vital processes in the uterus throughout the reproductive cycle and pregnancy. They are essential for the normal function...

antioxidant are the agents which dispose / scavenge the reactive oxygen species, minimize the oxidative stress / lipid peroxidation and ultimately improve the fertilizing potential of the spermatozoa. currently, many antioxidants are under investigation and manganese is one of them in reducing the oxidative stress both in male and female. the antioxidative action of manganese (mn2+) on various ...