The causes of maternal death are well known, and are largely preventable if skilled health care is received promptly. Complex interactions between geographic and socio-cultural factors affect access to, and remoteness from, health care but research on this topic rarely integrates spatial and social sciences. In this study, modeling of travel time was integrated with social science research to r...

OBJECTIVES Whether traffic remoteness from health care service in rural areas influences usage of ambulance service has not been well investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the relation between remoteness to health care facilities and incidence of ambulance calls in rural areas of Japan. METHODS We analyzed 155 rural communities of Hiroshima. Data were obtained on all ambulance dispatches...

The average distance of a vertex $v$ of a connected graph $G$is the arithmetic mean of the distances from $v$ to allother vertices of $G$. The proximity $pi(G)$ and the remoteness $rho(G)$of $G$ are defined as the minimum and maximum averagedistance of the vertices of $G$. In this paper we investigate the difference between proximity or remoteness and the classical distanceparameters diameter a...

The average distance of a vertex $v$ connected graph $G$ is the arithmetic mean distances from to all other vertices $G$. proximity $\pi(G)$ and remoteness $\rho(G)$ are minimum maximum $G$, respectively. In this paper, we give upper bounds on for graphs given order, degree degree. Our sharp apart an additive constant.