Phorbol esters enhance release from a variety of cell types. The mechanism by which phorbol esters potentiate presynaptic release from central neurons is unclear, although effects of phorbol esters both on the readily releasable pool of vesicles and on presynaptic calcium channels have been shown. Using confocal microscopy and the fluorescent styryl dye FM 1-43, we have examined the effects of ...

the identity of dead is an essential part of post-mortem examination. the identification of unknown human remnants begins with the creation of an anthropological profile, which includes sex, biological age, stature and individualizing features. the estimation of age at death is based on the bodily biological changes that occur throughout life. closure of spheno occipital synchondrosis is one of...

Synaptic terminals of retinal bipolar neurons contain a pool of readily releasable synaptic vesicles that undergo rapid calcium-dependent release. ATP hydrolysis is required for the functional refilling of this vesicle pool. However, it was unclear which steps required ATP hydrolysis: delivery of vesicles to their anatomical release sites or preparation of synaptic vesicles and/or the secretory...

It is generally accepted that the immediately releasable pool is a group of readily releasable vesicles that are closely associated with voltage dependent Ca(2+) channels. We have previously shown that exocytosis of this pool is specifically coupled to P/Q Ca(2+) current. Accordingly, in the present work we found that the Ca(2+) current flowing through P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels is 8 times more e...

Time-resolved capacitance measurements in combination with fluorescence measurements of internal calcium suggested three kinetic components of release in acutely isolated cone photoreceptors of the tiger salamander. A 45-fF releasable pool, corresponding to about 1,000 vesicles, was identified. This pool could be depleted with a time constant of a few hundred milliseconds and its recovery from ...

Synaptic ribbons are classically associated with mediating indefatigable neurotransmitter release by sensory neurons that encode persistent stimuli. Yet when hair cells lack anchored ribbons, the temporal precision of vesicle fusion and auditory nerve discharges are degraded. A rarified statistical model predicted increasing precision of first-exocytosis latency with the number of readily relea...

Synaptic ribbons are classically associated with mediating indefatigable neurotransmitter release by sensory neurons that encode persistent stimuli. Yet when hair cells lack anchored ribbons, the temporal precision of vesicle fusion and auditory nerve discharges are degraded. A rarified statistical model predicted increasing precision of firstexocytosis latency with the number of readily releas...

Abbreviations used in this paper: ANOVA, analysis of variance; ChrgA, chromogranin A; CM, membrane capacitance; Cpx, complexin; dko, double ko; EB, exocytotic burst; ko, knockout; MDis, median distance; NMJ, neuromuscular junction; NP, nitrophenyl; rms, root–mean–square; RRP, readily releasable pool; SR, sustained rate; SRP, slowly releasable pool; SybII, synaptobrevinII; Syt, synaptotagmin; wt...

Gentle treatment with an ATP-containing relaxing solution of isolated myofibrils from rat diaphragm, soleus, extensor digitorum longus, and left atria maintained in vitro releases a small amount of myofilaments constituting less than 5% of total myofibrillar protein. Successive extraction of myofibrils produced little further filament release. Releasable myofilaments lack alpha-actinin (Mr = 95...

Positioning releasable vesicles near voltage-gated calcium channels may ensure transmitter release upon calcium influx. Disruption of vesicle positioning may underlie short-term synaptic depression. However, how this positioning is achieved is unclear. In this issue of Neuron, Young and Neher find that synaptotagmin 2 helps to align readily releasable vesicles near calcium channels at nerve ter...