The paper presents a methodology for optimal flow routing in piping networks by imitating the natural selection processes utilized by real-life ants in search of the shortest path to a food source. Ant Colony Optimization is a population-based, artificial multi-agent, general-search technique for the solution of difficult combinatorial problems with its theoretical roots based on the behaviour ...

During December 2008 to January 2009, two persons contracted Legionnaires’ disease in a newly built block of flats in a suburb of Copenhagen in Denmark. Polymerase chain reaction and culture was used to diagnose Legionnaires’ disease in this cluster. Isolates from both patients tested positive for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 subgroup Philadelphia sequence type 1 and the same strain was d...

The estimation of leak and break frequencies in piping systems is part of the probabilistic safety assessment of technical plants. In this paper, the statistical method based on the evaluation of the German operational experience for piping systems with different diameters is described because an earlier estimation has been updated and extended introducing new methodical aspects and data. Major...

certain gases, principally oxygen,o , and carbon dioxide, co , dissolved in water accelerate its corrosive properties. the rate of corrosion is approximately in prportion to the quantity of gas dissolved. the removal of gases from water, as practiced in steam station, is effected by mechanical and thermal treatment , by addition of chemicals, or by combinations of these processes, the most wide...

Plastic piping made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and chlorinated PVC (CPVC), is being increasingly used for drinking water distribution lines. Given the formulation of the material from vinyl chloride (VC), there has been concern that the VC (a confirmed human carcinogen) can leach from the plastic piping into drinking water. PVC/CPVC pipe reactors in the laboratory and tap samples collected fr...

introductionrural administration as an executive arm of councils is of important institutions in iran which are constantly facing difficulties providing finance for their commitments based on institutions. these difficulties chakllahnge their abilities in providing services to rural societies since the capacity of rural economy is lilmited in making income and the average incomeof rural familie...

Applying the modular technology of developing of the problem-oriented extensions of a CAD system to a problem of automation of creating of the axonometric piping diagrams on an example of the program system TechnoCAD GlassX is described. The features of realization of common operations, composition and realization of special operations of a designing of the schemas of the special technological ...

Abstract—A steam power plant is housed with various types of equipments like boiler, turbine, heat exchanger etc. These equipments are mainly connected with piping systems. Such a piping layout design depends mainly on stress analysis and flexibility. It will vary with respect to pipe geometrical properties, pressure, temperature, and supports. The present paper is to analyze the presence and e...