Throughout all of Rousseau’s works there is tension between reason and conscience. Reason binds men when they think correctly, but divides them when they place it at the service of self-interest. Conversely, the universality of conscience is immediate and transparent: it transmits the truth of the existence of God and of the universal principles that underlie human action, despite the differenc...

in the present article, the author has tried to describe ghazali's arguments and claims to oppose philosophers and philosophy in brief; for, it goes without saying that he is one of the most serious and stubborn opponents of philosophy and philosophers in all historical eras. in this concern, many points have been posed; but we are better to judge based of words of ghazali and first-order ...

Theories of the meaning of life are divided into two categories: nihilistic and anti-nihilistic. The latter is divided, in turn, into the view that life is meaningful and the view that life can be made meaningful. In this paper, we deploy a descriptive-analytic method to discuss Jean-Paul Sartre’s view of nihilism. In his view, God does not exist, the human being is born and dies without a reas...

the relationship between ethics and religion, which can be an issue in all the history of philosophy and philosophy in all systems studied. but the discussion of kant practical reason and its separation as a theoretical sense and followed by discussion of metaphysical and theological ethics and religion to the realm of practical reason bring about other effects found. although kant denies all a...

for kant, it is impossible for theoretical reason to prove human autonomy and freedom. he, therefore, tries to prove it as an axiom by practical reason or ethics. kant believes freedom as the quality of human will. he has known free will to be the same as autonomous will; that is, human will would be considered free in such a case that it causes some effects while being itself not caused by the...

neither the ash‘arites nor kierkegaard’s systems of theology are anti-rational, for kierkegaard regards the contradiction present in the object of faith as absolute rather than logical, suggesting thereby the existential dialectics for understanding this contradiction instead of resolving it. the ash‘arites also hold that one can understand the existence of god through absolute reason, or reaso...