The angular momentum of galaxies is routinely ascribed to a process of tidal torques acting during the early stages of gravitational collapse, and is predicted from the initial mass distribution using second-order perturbation theory and the Zel’dovich approximation. We have tested this theory for a flat hierarchical cosmogony using a large N -body simulation with sufficient dynamic range to in...

Evaluation of range conditions and plant diversity circumstances can help to rangeland managers who establish their managerial approaches on the basis of ecological capabilities of rangeland ecosystems. Hence, surveying of rangelands was done in four sites of northern Alborz Mt. including western Alborz (Masooleh site), west to middle Alborz (Javaherdeh site), central area (Polour site), and ea...

Introduction: Accurate B1 mapping of transmit coil arrays is vital for parallel transmission MRI. Current mapping methods accommodate a limited range of B1 amplitude, but can be adapted for use with coil arrays by mapping B1 fields from linear combinations of coils and solving for individual elements [1,2]. Existing formulations can be represented by an encoding matrix A, with Ai,j = 1 for i≠j,...