This report describes the analysis of results of a Lincoln Laboratory experiment which consisted of a series of bistatic scatter and radar measurements of the scattering cross section per unit volume of rain and thin turbulent layers. Results of tbe experiment are presented as average and rms values of the ~ of the bistatic scatter cross section as calculated using the radar data to the cross s...

Orographic precipitation of Pacific-sourced moisture creates a rain shadow across the central part of the Sierra Nevada (California) that contrasts with the southern part of the range, where seasonal monsoonal precipitation sourced to the south obscures this rain shadow effect. Orographic rainout systematically lowers the hydrogen isotope composition of precipitation (deltaD(ppt)) and therefore...

The low levels of supercell forward flanks commonly exhibit distinct differential reflectivity (ZDR) signatures, including the low-ZDR hail signature and the high-ZDR ‘‘arc.’’ The ZDR arc has been previously associated with size sorting of raindrops in the presence of vertical wind shear; here this model is extended to include size sorting of hail. Idealized simulations of a supercell storm obs...

1. INTRODUCTION Across much of the United States, and in many parts of the world, winter precipitation can come in many forms. It can range from all-liquid rain, to partially frozen particles, and completely frozen particles such as ice pellets or snow. The results of winter precipitation, then, are highly dependent on what type of precipitation falls. If rain falls into subfreezing environment...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abiotic pollination by wind or water is well established in flowering plants. In some species pollination by rain splashes, a condition known as ombrophily, has been proposed as a floral strategy. However, evidence for this type of abiotic pollination has remained controversial and many reported cases have subsequently been shown to be false. This study investigates ombrophi...

In this study we described the seed rain generated by bats under four Cerrado's tree species common within pastures, Buchenavia tomentosa, Couepia grandiflora, Licania humilis and Qualea grandiflora. We analyzed the similarity among the four tree species in terms of seed rain composition, and compared the number of seeds and seed species deposited under them. Besides that, we assessed the relat...