Companies which manage railway networks have to cope continually with the problem of operating safety and maintenance intervention issues related to rail surface irregularities. A lot of experience has been gained in recent years in railway applications but the case of tramways is quite different; in this field there are no specific criteria to define any intervention on rail surface restoratio...

The coefficient of friction between a wheel tread and the top rail should be maintained at intermediate levels to limit frictional tangential contact forces. This can achieved by applying top-of-rail products. Reducing reduces energy consumption fuel costs, as well damage surfaces, such as, e.g., wear, rolling fatigue, corrugation. work describes simulation model that predicts evolution functio...