Individual structural alerts often fail to accurately predict chemical toxicity as they tend to overlook the moderating effects of other co-occurring alerts. Features are said to have statistical interaction effects when one changes or modulates the effect of another on the target property. Here we introduce Chemistry-Wide Association Study (CWAS; by analogy with GWAS in genomics) to systematic...

Physiologically based toxicokinetic [(PBTK), or alternatively referred to as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK)] models are quantitative descriptions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals in biota. PBTK models are increasingly being used as an effective tool for designing toxicology experiments and for conducting extrapolations essential for risk assessme...

Chemical category formation and the use of read-across to fill data gaps are seen as crucial methods for the risk assessment of chemicals under the REACH legislation. Such methods are especially important if the goal of reducing the number of experimental animals used in toxicological testing is going to be met. One of the crucial steps in the development of a chemical category is the definitio...

Background: The use of chemicals is essential in education resulting in exposure to these pollutant in a variety of chemical and research laboratories. Chemical contaminants in chemical laboratories are in different forms and chemical exposure risk assessment is important for choosing appropriate controls in protecting the health of operators, experts and students. For risk assessment in chemic...

quantitative assessment is the most important means to identify hazard potential and manage risk for an industrial process. the implement of quantitative assessment in the early stage will help to develop inherently safer process, eliminating the hazard and reduce the possibility of accidental chain events and the magnitude of consequences. in this paper, after reviewing the presently available...

The international animal health community is advocating a more widespread use of quantitative risk assessment in making international trade decisions. In this article, the authors explain why quantitative risk assessment is a valuable tool, outline a process with key steps for developing a quantitative risk assessment, and describe a method for quantifying the uncertainty associated with the re...

background & aims of the study: petrochemical industry is an important industry in the economic development of the country that causes employees have exposure with several kinds of contamination. the aim of this study was semi-quantitative assessment of the health risk of occupational exposure to chemical materials and investigation of spirometry indices between employees of petrochemical indus...