We extend a Kalman filter model for count data to reflect observations irregularly spaced in time. The model is applied to estimate risk of rare events; bycatch of endangered leatherback turtles in a swordfish fishery off Oregon and California. Incidental takes of turtles are modeled as a Poisson process. The results suggest that take risk is better estimated by regarding the entire history of ...

This paper introduces endogenous and directed technical change in a growth model with environmental constraints. The final good is produced from "dirty" and "clean" inputs. We show that: (i) when inputs are sufficiently substitutable, sustainable growth can be achieved with temporary taxes/subsidies that redirect innovation toward clean inputs; (ii) optimal policy involves both "carbon taxes" a...

Firms sometimes comply with externality-correcting policies by gaming the measure that determines policy. This harms buyers eroding information, but it benefits them when cost savings are passed through into prices. We develop a model highlights this tension and use to analyze of automobile carbon emission ratings in EU. document startling increases using novel data. then effects calibrated sim...

In this paper, we try to understand what the main causes of food losses (FLs) are. Our results show that producers' education and experience number years in which a producer has been involved production specific crop are significantly correlated with reduction FL. Unfavorable climatic conditions, pests, diseases, as well limited knowledge access equipment, credit, markets, also challenges incre...

We examine the introduction of automatic air pollution monitoring to counter suspected tampering at local level, a central feature China’s “war on pollution.” Exploiting 654 regression discontinuity designs based city-level variation in day that was automated, we find an immediate and lasting increase 35 percent reported PM 10 concentrations post-automation. Moreover, automation’s increased onl...

I examine the Coasean independence property in a large multinational cap-and-trade scheme for greenhouse gas emissions, EU Emissions Trading System. analyze whether emissions of power producers are independent from allowance allocations by leveraging change allocation policy difference-in-difference strategy. The evidence suggests that holds overall and larger emitters firms respond to loss inc...

Climate change not only impacts production and market consumption but also the relative scarcity of nonmarket goods, such as environmental amenities. We study fundamental drivers resulting price changes, their potential magnitude, implications for climate policy in Nordhaus’s Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE) model, thereby addressing one its key criticisms. propose plausible ranges the...

We synthesize and review retrospective analyses of federal air quality regulations to examine the contributions Clean Air Act (CAA) vast improvements seen since 1970. Geographic heterogeneity in stringency affects emissions, public health, compliance costs, employment. Cap-and-trade has delivered greater emission reductions at lower cost than conventional mandates, yet fallen short textbook ide...

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs A-G) are zinc metalloendoproteases that exhibit extraordinary specificities for proteins involved in neurotransmitter release. In view of the extreme toxicities of these molecules, their applications in human medicine, and potential for misuse, it is of considerable importance to elucidate the mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and to develop inhibitors, wi...

This study examines the effect of a tightening US air quality standard for lead in 2009 on relocation battery recycling to Mexico and infant health Mexico. In United States, airborne dropped sharply near affected plants, most which were battery-recycling plants. Exports used batteries rose markedly. Mexico, production increased at plants relative comparable industries, birth outcomes deteriorat...