Technologies to treat wastewater are now well established and are capable of producing almost any degree of purification. The main issue surrounding the selection of a given process lies in deciding which is the most appropriate and applicable technology for the particular social, political and economic environment. This paper concentrates on the development of the municipal wastewater treatmen...

During the last two decades, and particularly during the last few years, the environmental sector has shown a largely growing interest in the treatment of different types of water and wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC). The aim of this work was to review studies, conducted mainly during 2008-2011, on the wide and versatile range of feasible EC applications employed in the purification of dif...

The presence of human pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters is an emerging issue in environmental science. In this study the occurrence and behavior of human pharmaceuticals in a variety of wastewater treatment processes is reviewed. Although some groups are not affected by sewage treatment processes others are amenable to degradation, albeit incomplete. While water purification techniques...

There is a worldwide and increasing shortage of potable fresh water. Modern water reclamation technologies can alleviate much of the problem by converting wastewater directly into drinking water, but there is public resistance to these approaches that has its basis largely in psychology. A psychological problem is encapsulated in the saying of those opposing recycled water: “toilet to tap.” We ...

The use of constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater has steadily increased in the last decades. Besides the direct benefits of water purification, these systems are also associated with high ancillary benefits deriving from the creation of a natural habitat that is aesthetically pleasant, supports local wildlife and is suitable for recreational and cultural activities. This paper aims a...