A self-consistent computational scheme is presented for one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) metamaterial systems with gain incorporated into the nanostructures. The gain is described by a generic four-level system. The loss compensation and the lasing behavior of the metamaterial system with gain are studied. A critical pumping rate exists for compensating the losses of the metamateri...

Public-supply wells with long screens in alluvial aquifers can produce waters of differing quality from different depths. Seasonal changes in quality are linked to seasonal changes in pumping rates that influence the distribution of flow into the well screens under pumping conditions and the magnitude and direction of intraborehole flow within the wells under ambient conditions. Groundwater flo...

rotary atomizers are commonly used in spray dryers to atomize feed. one destructive effect of wheel rotation is the creation of a vacuum inside the wheel that conducts hot air from the chamber into the wheel and can lead to atomizer blockage and an explosion. the present work determined the air-pumping characteristics of a rotary atomizer with a 50 mm wheel diameter. the vacuum pressure and pow...

BACKGROUND Milk ejection is essential for a successful lactation, however techniques to measure milk ejection in women are often complex and invasive. Recent research has demonstrated that at milk ejection, milk duct diameter increased in the breast (measured by ultrasound) at the same time as milk flow rate increased (measured using a weigh balance). This study aimed to evaluate a purpose-buil...

We present a lateral cavity acoustic transducer (LCAT) capable of pumping and mixing fluids within a microfluidic system using an acoustic energy source from an external piezoelectric buzzer. The device is capable of pumping at flow rates of approximately 250 nl min(-1) and real-time mixing in low flow rate (<1 microl min(-1)) devices typical in microfluidic systems.

abstract: in this study, al 2 o 3 /eg and tio 2 /eg nanofluids as coolants have been used in the double-tube heat exchanger. the hot solvent inlet heat exchanger must be cooled down with a specified amount. we can use nanofluids as coolants in the heat exchanger for optimization of the heat transfer area. therefore, the efficacy of nanofluids as coolants is verified. furthermore, flow rate of c...

El Batts Pumping station is located in Fayoum Governorate on the right bank of existing Batts drain about 120 km south of Cairo, at entrance of 0.6 km north-west of Tamiya village. It is equipped with four vertical mixed flow pumping units. The main objectives of this pumping station are to increase the cultivated area by 10000 feddan in the north of Bahr Wahby, improve the irrigation for 20000...

The energy cost of contractions in skeletal muscle involves activation of both actomyosin and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺-pump (SERCA) ATPases, which together determine the overall ATP demand. During repetitive contractions leading to fatigue, the relaxation rate and Ca²⁺ pumping become slowed, possibly because of intracellular metabolite accumulation. The role of the energy cost of cross-...

Conventional pumping test methodology is of limited effectiveness for defining the spatial distribution of aquifer properties because of the nonuniqueness of the parameter estimates. Sensitivity analysis can be used to develop a pumping test procedure that significantly decreases the uncertainty associated with the estimated parameters. This approach employs systematic variations in pumpage rat...