Power-modulated (pulsed) plasmas have demonstrated several advantages compared to continuous wave (CW) plasmas. Specifically, pulsed plasmas can result in a higher etching rate, better uniformity, and less structural, electrical or radiation (e.g. vacuum ultraviolet) damage. Pulsed plasmas can also ameliorate unwanted artefacts in etched micro-features such as notching, bowing, micro-trenching ...

The investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of a semiconductor laser based on nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) feedback using Ge doped optical fiber was carried out experimentally. Animations of compilations of the output power as a function of time series and phase plane with effects of optical feedback level, carrier current and modulation signal strength are demonstrated as a tool to giv...

The onset of multi-pulsing, a ubiquitous phenomenon in laser cavities, imposes a fundamental limit on the maximum energy delivered per pulse. Managing the nonlinear penalties in the cavity becomes crucial for increasing the energy and suppressing the multi-pulsing instability. A Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) allows for the reduction of governing equations of a mode-locked laser onto a l...

In this work we have developed a PC-based simulation to study ion injection, cooling and extraction processes for multiple ions in an trap/reflectron time-of-flight (IT/reTOF) system. This simulation is based upon SIMION 6.0 with user written programs in which a 3D collision model is used to describe ion--buffer gas molecule interactions. The results of various simulations describing the relati...

We study the effect of spin-orbit coupling on quantum gates produced by pulsing the exchange interaction between two single electron quantum dots. Spin-orbit coupling enters as a small spin precession when electrons tunnel between dots. For adiabatic pulses the resulting gate is described by a unitary operator acting on the four-dimensional Hilbert space of two qubits. If the precession axis is...

We report a novel injection scheme that allows for "phonon lasing" in a one-dimensional opto-mechanical photonic crystal, in a sideband unresolved regime and with cooperativity values as low as 10(-2). It extracts energy from a cw infrared laser source and is based on the triggering of a thermo-optical/free-carrier-dispersion self-pulsing limit-cycle, which anharmonically modulates the radiatio...

The onset of multi-pulsing, a ubiquitous phenomenon in laser cavities, imposes a fundamental limit on the maximum energy delivered per pulse. Managing the nonlinear penalties in the cavity becomes crucial for increasing the energy and suppressing the multi-pulsing instability. A Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) allows for the reduction of governing equations of a mode-locked laser onto a l...

Two studies were conducted during which 23 patients with chronic migraine were exposed to pulsing electromagnetic fields over the inner thigh. In an open study, 11 subjects kept a 2-week headache log before and after 2 to 3 weeks of exposure to pulsing electromagnetic fields for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week. The number of headaches per week decreased from 4.03 during the baseline period to 0...

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of repeated chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) pulsing on the viability and bacterial composition of microcosm dental plaques derived from human saliva. The biofilms were grown on bovine enamel discs in a constant-depth film fermentor fed with an artificial saliva which was supplemented thrice daily with sucrose. The microcosm plaques had total via...

Mitochondrial ATP synthesis is driven by a membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane; this potential is generated by the proton-pumping electron transport chain. A balance between proton pumping and dissipation of the proton gradient by ATP-synthase is critical to avoid formation of excessive reactive oxygen species due to overreduction of the electron transport chain. Here, we...