abstract the variables affecting the nature of reading comprehension can be classified into two general categories: reader’s variables, and text variables (alderson, 2000). despite the wave of research on vocabulary knowledge as reader’s variable, the role of this knowledge in c-test as a text-dependent test and its interaction with lexical cohesion of the test as a text feature has remained a...

with the introduction of communicative language teaching, a large number of studies have concerned with students’ oral participation in language classrooms. although the importance of classroom participation is evident, some language learners are unwilling to engage in oral activities. this passivity and unwillingness to participate in language classroom discussions is known as “reticence”. rev...

Purpose: One of the main activities in the field of knowledge management, is knowledge sharing, because employees can play an important role in organizational competitive advantages. Effective knowledge sharing  can improve the quality of R;D activities. On the other hand it seems that, knowledge sharing behavior improvs organizational performances and competitive advantages for the organizatio...

Abstract Introduction: Organizational citizenship behavior is considered as a worker's attitude and passion as a driver for work in service organizations. One of the factors affecting the creation and promotion of transcendental behaviors, such as organizational citizenship behavior and job Engagement for service organizations, are ethical leadership styles in the organizations that pay attent...

Introduction: Knowledge sharing is the mechanisms that contribute to the dissemination and application of knowledge, will help employees to fulfill their job duties. This mechanism can be affected by many individual and organizational factors. In this regard the aim of this study was Offer the causal model of abusive supervision, perception of organizational justice and knowledge sharing be...