To discriminate self from non-self, the innate immune system evolved a large repertoire of germline-encoded receptors that detect molecular patterns associated with infections [1]. As originally proposed by the late Charles Janeway, such pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [2] detect three broadly defined categories of patterns that can best be described as ‘‘microbial non-self,’’ ‘‘inducedor ...

The lack of validated tools to predict how long sow farms will remain PRRS virus-free following successful elimination of the virus has deterred veterinarians and producers from attempting to eliminate the PRRS virus from sow farms. The aim of this study was to use the database of PRRS Risk Assessments for the Breeding Herd in PADRAP to develop and validate an objective risk scoring system for ...

The immune response to virus infection is initiated when pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) of the host cell recognize specific nonself-motifs within viral products (known as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern or PAMP) to trigger intracellular signaling events that induce innate immunity, the front line of defense against microbial infection. The replication program of all viruses inclu...

Numerous vaccine and control tools have been introduced to the marketplace including licensed modified live PRRS vaccines (MLV), licensed inactivated PRRS vaccines (KV), autogenous KV vaccines, and use of virulent live virus exposure (LVI). Based on published data and controlled experimental studies, the licensed MLV clearly provide the current gold standard of protection in respiratory and rep...

The efficacy of a commercial attenuated live type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) vaccine was tested under experimental infection with a highly virulent Vietnamese virus isolated from a diseased pig affected with highly pathogenic PRRS (HP-PRRS) using specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. Twenty-five 4-week-old SPF pigs were divided into three groups as follows: pigs vaccina...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a virulent infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV). The non-structural protein 11 (NSP11) of PRRSV nidovirus-specific endonuclease (NendoU), which displays uridine specificity catalytic functions conserved throughout entire NendoU family exerts wide range biological effects. This review discusses genetic evolution NSP11, its ef...

background: pattern recognition receptors (prrs) are the main sensors of pathogen and danger signals in innate immunity of which toll like receptors (tlrs) are the most studied ones. the contribution of prrs in cerebral inflammation induced by microbial infection, tissue damage and cancer has not extensively been addressed so far. glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system an...

Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) costs the US pork industry $1.8 million per day.1 Swine practitioners have been successful eliminating PRRS virus (PRRSv) from breeding herds by implementing herd closure-homogenization protocols.2 Implementation of these protocols has resulted in a source of PRRSv PCR-negative weaned pigs to be placed in growing facilities. A la...

The initiation of cellular antiviral signaling depends on host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated recognition of viral nucleic acids that are known as classical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs recruit adaptor proteins and kinases to activate transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers to regulate transcription of hundreds of genes, the products of which collab...