This position paper argues that the Baldwin effectis widely misunderstood by the evolutionarycomputation community. The misunderstandingsappear to fall into two general categories. Firstly,it is commonly believed that the Baldwin effect isconcerned with the synergy that results whenthere is an evolving population of learning indi-viduals. This is only half of the sto...

In the search for clinically effective antitumor agents, numerous biologic systems have been con sidered as possible screening devices (4). Some in vestigators have preferred test systems with hu man tumors, with the thought that these may pro vide the greatest possibility of correlation with clinical cancer. Experiments have been conducted with chemical agents and human cancer in several ways,...

the tadpole shrimp of genus triops is a well-known living fossil whose fundamental morphology has been unchanged for 220 million years. we collected specimens of triops cancriformis in temporary water bodies near the southern part of urmia lake (in the fall of 2005). some biological characteristics of this triops were investigated. the feeding re-gime of t. cancriformis was found to be related ...

We developed the double elution analysis technique, a modification of standard alkaline elution techniques, to assess cross-link formation and repair in the cycling and noncycling cell populations of multicellular spheroids. DNA cross-linking from cycling cells was measured using radioisotope incorporation; DNA cross-linking from the total cell popu lation was estimated using a fluorometric met...

Many elderly patients with organic brain syndrome are admitted to psychiatric hospitals, where they make up approximately 30 per cent of the resident popu lation (Ballinger et a!, 1981). The psychiatric in patients are a selected group and most demented people are in the community (Kay et al, 1964) and other hospitals. Most patients are diagnosed as suffering fromsenile orarteriosclerotic demen...

Divorce and end-of-union rates have risen sharply over the past thirty years, and a growing number of children have to cope with parental separation: one non-adult child in four among recent birth cohorts (box 1). Education, too, has changed radically over recent decades; it has been “democratized”—become accessible to all—and the period of compulsory education is now substantially longer. The ...

the difference did not lessen until 1980. The gap still amounted to 4.3 years in 2000, whereas it was only 2.8 in 1950. The pattern for France and Italy was different. After three decades of increase, the difference stabilised for some dozen years, and it is was only after 1992 (in France) and 1995 (in Italy) that it really decreased. In France, it was only 7.0 years in 2003 whereas it had reac...

On 21 December 1974, the French Parliament passed the Veil Act, promulgated on 17 January 1975, authorizing elective abortion under certain conditions. The 1974 Act was reviewed after five years and confirmed by Parliament on 31 December 1979. At the end of 1982, Parliament voted for elective abortion to be reimbursed by the French social security. More recently, the Act of 4 July 2001 relaxed ...

P children are a largely undocumented population group because they are hard to identify in the standard statistical sources (census, registration data) (see box 1). Now, however, the picture has been filled out by the “Family History Survey” linked to the 1999 population census. The survey was designed by the Insee with assistance from Ined, and covers a sample of 380,000 people over the age o...

Families of patients with the Li-Fraumeni cancer syndrome have an inherited pattern of sarcomas and various other types of cancers that follow a dominant mode of transmission, an early age of onset, and exhibit multiple primary tumors. As soft tissue sarcomas (including fibrosarcomas) are frequently observed with this syndrome, the in vitro growth characteristics of fibroblasts derived from ski...