Understanding the details of integral membrane protein biogenesis is important for the study of any process or pathway that involves these proteins, including signaling cascades, vesicle trafficking and intercellular communication. Structural information is commonly used to predict protein function, and an important feature of the tertiary structure of an integral membrane protein is its topolo...

Outline of the steps in protein synthesis. Nature of the genetic code. The use of synthetic oligo- and polynucleotides in deciphering the code. Structure of the code: relatedness of synonym codons. The wobble hypothesis. Chain initiation and N-formyl-methionine. Chain termination and nonsense codons. Mistakes in translation: ambiguity in vitro. Suppressor mutations resulting in ambiguity. Limit...

The homeostasis of protein metabolism is maintained and regulated by the rates of protein biosynthesis and degradation in living systems. Alterations of protein degradation may regulate protein biosynthesis through a feedback mechanism. Whether a change in protein biosynthesis modulates protein degradation has not been reported. In this study, we found that inhibition of protein biosynthesis in...

Rates of incorporation of [4,5-(3)H]leucine into insulin plus proinsulin, designated ;(pro)insulin', and total protein in rat pancreatic islets were measured. Glucose stimulates rates of total protein and (pro)insulin biosynthesis, but (pro)insulin biosynthesis is stimulated preferentially. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine also stimulate (pro)insulin and total protein biosynthesis; inosine and d...

Significance Photosynthesis uses chlorophylls to utilize solar energy. In oxygenic phototrophs, formation of the isocyclic fifth ring chlorophyll, responsible for its green color, is catalyzed by AcsF/CycI and auxiliary protein Ycf54. Removal Ycf54 causes severe chlorophyll deficiency impaired photoautotrophic growth. We analyzed laboratory-evolved suppressor mutants a Ycf54-less strain cyanoba...

Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated plant hairy root induction is a convenient method for functional study of root-specific genes. To develop an optimized tobacco system and gene function in nicotine biosynthesis, we investigated by three R. rhizogenes strains, R1601, K599, LBA9402, on different media with leaf discs from plants ages, observed that the strain LBA9402 used explant infection exhibited ...