three k-tree distance and fixed-sized plot designs were used for estimating tree density in sparse oak forests. these forests cover the main part of the zagros mountain area in western iran. they are non-timber-oriented forest but important for protection purposes. the main objective was to investigate the statistical performance of k-tree distance and fixed-sized plot designs in the estimation...

Research on protection forests designed to alleviate rockfall hazard has increased enormously over the last decade. Data are available concerning the most suitable stem spacing and density regimes in stands. The species used in protection forests can also influence enormously the effectiveness of the forest in conferring a protective role. Little information exists, however, about either the me...

fungi include a large group of organisms that are found in different ecological conditions and are important components in forest ecosystems. the northern forests of iran are mountainous mixed forests, and have high biological diversity. the aim of this research was asses influence of physiographic factors on abundance and diversity of wood macrofungi. after of primary field inspection fungi sa...

Sacred forests represent an important long-held tradition of conserving specific land areas that have cultural, and often religious, significance. India, with its diversity of cultures and traditions, has over 100 000 sacred forests. Many of these groves are forest fragments in agricultural landscapes. In most cases, community members are at least aware of these fragments, if not actively invol...

However, in 1988 the National Forest Policy heralded a significant shift in forest policy by acknowledging the needs and interests of local communities concerning their utilization of forest resources, and involving them in the protection and regeneration of forests. However, deforestation and violation of local community interests continued, due to the conflict between conserving endangered na...

Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis, commonly known as the Madeira-vine belongs to the small family Basellaceae is reported as an invasive weed in the gardens and forests of the north of Iran (Fig. 1). Characteristic features of the said plants are as follows: Plant perennial, evergreen, climbing vine or liana that grows from fleshy rhizomes. Stems slender, climbing, up to 3–6 m in height in a s...