This document is intended to be read by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection (former MoH) and includes some recommendations that could be implemented on the aim to increase allocative efficiency, thus improving macroeconomic performance of the Colombian Health System (CHS). It will be conducted as follows: first it will briefly review the background and actual context of the CHS, after t...

Computing inter-domain MultiProtocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path (MPLS-TE LSP) through a pre-determined sequence of domains is quite straight as each Path Computation Element (PCE), using the Backward Recursive PCEbased Computation (BRPC), knows who is the next to be contacted in order to continue the computation. The optimality of the interdomain MPLS-TE LSP path de...

This article discusses the experience of six conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America, a model of social safety-nets which has grown to dominate the social protection sector in the region during the past decade. While they have been generally successful in terms of achieving their core objective, it is still not clear whether these programmes constitute the most cost-efficient or s...

Optimizing system resilience is concerned with the development of strategies to restore a system to normal operations as quickly and efficiently as possible following potential disruption. To this end, we present in this article a bilevel mixed integer linear program for protecting an uncapacitated median type facility network against worstcase losses, taking into account the role of facility r...

Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) has been widely recognized as an important concept in survivable optical networks. The issues of avoiding “traps” (to be defined later) in path determination and maximizing bandwidth sharing, are more challenging in providing shared SRLG protection than in providing shared path protection without considering SRLGs. In this paper, we proposed a novel survivability a...

A substrate-triggered technique is proposed to improve electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection efficiency of ESD protection circuits without extra salicide blocking and ESD-implantation process modifications in a salicided shallow-trench-isolation CMOS process. By using the layout technique, the whole ESD protection circuit can be merged into a compact device structure to enhance the substrate...

Information technology-enabled markets enhance retailers’ ability to collect, aggregate, and transfer consumer information. These technological capabilities have raised concerns that this information could be used in ways the consumer would not anticipate or authorize. These concerns have been met with a variety of proposals including approaches placing the onus for protection on consumers, ind...