Recent research has tried to calculate the “total cost of publication” in the British academic sector, bringing together the costs of journal subscriptions, the article processing charges (APCs) paid to publish open-access content, and the indirect costs of handling open-access mandates. This study adds an estimate for the other publication charges (predominantly page and colour charges) curren...

BACKGROUND The ownership, location, and teaching status of hospitals affect their missions, policies, finances, and operations. OBJECTIVE This study assesses the relationship of hospital ownership, location, and teaching status with charges and length of stay for children with asthma, the most common reason for pediatric admission after birth. METHODS All 28 545 complete records of patients...

The question of instituting direct charges for library service is examined and is contrasted with the current indirect changing system where services are paid for by taxes of various types. The policy of whether to levy direct charges for on-line bibliographic searching serves as an example for the analysis. In this case it is concluded that due to considerations of information as a merit good,...

OBJECTIVE To examine the between-hospital variation of charges and discounted prices for uncomplicated vaginal and caesarean section deliveries, and to determine the institutional and market-level characteristics that influence adjusted charges. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Using data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), we conducted a cross-sec...

This paper analyses two-way access pricing in a telecommunications market where consumers are heterogeneous in their demand for calls and firms are allowed to use nonlinear tariffs. We first investigate how the presence of access charges affects the tariffs offered by firms in symmetric equilibrium. Next we show that under certain conditions each firm’s profit is independent of the level of (re...

Ridesharing is undoubtedly appealing from a sustainability perspective; however, profit optimization is very important for commercial providers. As such, ridesharing offers a valuable opportunity to garner profit by reducing the number of driver-miles that need to be paid for in order to serve the same set of passengers. In this paper, we study profit optimization for commercial ridesharing ser...

the present study was focused on supply chain analysis of fresh guava in order to evaluate existing marketing supply chains (sc1: producer - consumer, sc2: producer - retailer - consumer, sc3: producer - commission agent - retailer - consumer, sc4: producer - commission agent - wholesaler - retailer - consumer) for two variety (allahabad safeda and apple guava) of guava. the gross marketing pri...

The present study was focused on supply chain analysis of fresh guava in order to evaluate existing marketing supply chains (SC1: Producer - Consumer, SC2: Producer - Retailer - Consumer, SC3: Producer - Commission agent - Retailer - Consumer, SC4: Producer - Commission agent - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer) for two variety (allahabad safeda and apple guava) of guava. The gross marketing pri...

The ways in which we both produce and consume content has been a constant state of technologyled evolution. However, the perceived speed of change is now greater, and with that speed comes disruption (as was the case with the music industry around a decade ago). This work will look at the “content economy” where it has come from, where it is going, and whether the world of iPad-clutching consum...