In the product life cycle from conception to retirement, there are three forms: conceptual products, digital products and physical products. The carriers of requirements, functions abstract structures, data management focuses on mapping functions, structures. carrier is files such as drawings models, focus design evolution product. Physical entities, their attributes states will change over tim...

previous electronic commerce (ec) studies have found thatconsumer characteristics are important when considering issues related tothe acceptance of online shopping. however, most studies have focusedon a single product or similar products. the effects of different producttypes have been relatively neglected. to overcome this limitation, thepurpose of this study was to explore the effects of dif...

Abstract Companies are increasingly struggling to manage their complex product portfolios. Since they do not fully understand the complexity, intelligent solutions required. Emerging technologies and tools offer new ways deal with existing problems. With help of clustering, similarities between variants can be identified automatically, complexity systematically reduced. This article aims develo...