abstract management of water resources in iran is faced with growing demand for water resources, a considerable increase in the costs of supplying additional water and uncontrolled exploitation of underground waters. economists suggest water pricing to improve water use efficiency; however, government tends to reject that advice due to political risk, economic and cultural concerns. we used a p...

Tuenter considered centered binomial sums of the form Sr(n) = 2n ∑

This paper examines the conditions required to guarantee positive prices in the CAPM. Positive prices imply an upper bound on the equity premium. This upper bound depends on the degree of diversity of firms’ fundamentals, and it is independent of investors’ preferences. In economies with realistically diverse assets the only positive-price CAPM equilibrium theoretically possible is a degenerate...

We consider the standard discrete-time model of a frictionless financial market and show that the law of one price holds if and only if there exists a martingale density process with strictly positive initial value. In contrast to the classical no-arbitrage criteria, this density process may change its sign. We also give an application to the CAPM.

In opaque pricing certain characteristics of the product or service are hidden from the consumer until after purchase, transforming a differentiated good into somewhat of a commodity. Opaque pricing has become popular in service pricing as it allows firms to sell their differentiated products at higher prices to regular brand loyal customers while simultaneously selling to non loyal customers a...

remanufacturing is an industrial process that makes used products reusable. remanufacturing is a way to establish a closed-loop supply chain. one of the important aspects in both reverse logistics and remanufacturing is pricing of returned and remanufactured products (called cores) that it has been noticed in this paper. in addition, in this paper the researchers have tried to present a mathema...

Strong brands bring numerous benefits for both the companies and their customers such as decreasing purchasing risk and searching cost and increasing the likelihood of repurchasing. It is not presented an applied model for determining the price of this asset in Iran, especially in terms of merger and acquisition. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for pricing brand value in Iran’s ...

We demonstrate that in a CAPM economy Walras Law and the Tobin Separation Property characterize market demand on nite sets of prices. Consequently, for any number n there exist CAPM economies which have at least n equilibria and hence have n di erent beta pricing formulas. It is shown that the lower bound on the number of equilibria, n, is robust to pertubations of endowments.

The. theory of reduced incidence algebras of binomial posets furnishes a unified treatment of several types of generating functions that arise in enumerative combinatorics. Using this theory as a tool, we study ‘reduced covering algebras’ of binomial lattices and show that they are isomorphic to various algebras of q-binomial generating functions for certain modular binomial lattices.