in this study, it was intended to investigate the persian native speakers’ perception of gerunds by three different elicitation techniques i.e., written, audio, and pictorial through translation. eighty intermediate learners of english were asked to select persian translation of the gerund formsin these elicitation techniques. they were asked to choose one option from a pair of written first la...

The increasing use of production contracts in the hog sector has reduced the number of spot market transactions and raised concerns about price manipulation by packers. These concerns have helped spur legislative efforts to restrict packer ownership of livestock and to regulate livestock contracts. Using panel data from the 2002 and 2007 Census of Agriculture, this study looks for evidence that...

Retailers lure consumers with clever use of choice architecture; examples include “bargains” heavily restricted in the fine print and discounts structured to exaggerate true saving. Given that financial literacy is a key competency for managing money, good may provide protection from these “sludges.” In an exploratory experiment, we measure 48 university students' retail literacy, while concurr...

Abstract We examine the presence and severity of closing price manipulation across two regulatory shifts in close determination mechanism Athens stock exchange. First, we assess transition from a value-weighted average (VWAP) method to plain-vanilla call auction (CCAM). Second, effectiveness additional features CCAMs deterring manipulation. use tick level data with full investor details for gro...

The dynamic version of the Glosten and Milgrom (1985) model of asset pricing with asymmetric information is studied. It is shown that there is a unique equilibrium when the next-period value function of the informed trader, who knows the terminal value of the asset, is strictly convex and strictly monotone in terms of the market maker’s prior belief. A characterization of the bid and ask prices...

We consider the possible existence of a manipulator in a prediction market, whose incentive is to maximally increase the predicted probability of an event, and for whom profit or loss in the market is immaterial. We characterize the equilibria in a single-round market scoring rule (MSR), showing that the manipulator will play a strategy that mixes between pretending to have received one of the ...