nowadays generation capacity in traditional grid depends on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to the increase of pollution emission. in deregulated grids in addition to using demand response programs (drps) to reducing the cost of electricity production, peak clipping and improve reliability use of green plants such as hydro plant, wind plant become widespread. in a smart grid, end use...

BACKGROUND To address the impact that out-of-pocket prices may have on medication use, it is vital to understand how the demand for medications may be affected when patients are faced with changes in the price to acquire treatment and how price responsiveness differs across medication classes.  OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of cost-sharing changes on the demand for 8 classes of prescription...

The authors derive an expression for the price elasticity of demand in the presence of reference price effects that includes a component resulting from the presence of gains and losses in consumer evaluations. The effect of reference price is most noticeable immediately after a price change, before consumers have had time to adjust their reference price. As a result, immediate-term price elasti...

the main purpose of this study is to determine welfare impacts of trade liberalization on maize market. for this purpose, we used from time series data for the period 1961/2009 and estimated domestic supply, domestic demand and import demand for maize. results of estimation showed that price elasticity of supply and demand is 0.32 and -0.25, respectively. then, by means of these elasticities, w...

Present study investigates the effect of soaring residential electricity price on the welfare of rural individuals in Guilan Province by Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) in which the elasticity’s and welfare variations were calculated by Compensation Variations (CV) and Equivalent Variations (EV) for the time period of 1991-2012. It was shown that the absolute value of income and price elastic...

eiarnination the oil market and review the major oil importer countries, is a major need for guidance and marketing strategy for crude oil exporting countries. so that estimating the oil demand for importer countries and analysis the effective factors on their oil demand, can be an important factor in planning and policy making for oil exporting countries in order to sell oil. so iran is not an...

consumption of dairy products in terms of the health and economic terms is very important. the analysis of consumer behavior can help to take policies consistent and correct in this regard. in this study the demand for milk, yogurt and cheese was estimated by using time series data related to 1984-2009 in the framework of the idea of an almost ideal demand system. the results showed that all of...

The economic transition in China poses new questions in studying product demand. In this study, we investigate the demand pattern and structural changes during the economic transformation using annual data from the paper and paperboard industry in China. Instrumental variable estimations as well as cointegration analysis and error-correction models are applied to the analysis. Our results show ...