Due to limitation of battery power, wireless sensor nodes are highly energy constrained. So, to enhance the network lifetime, the protocols which are used in wireless sensor network should be energy efficient. The LEACH and PEGASIS protocols which are elegant solutions to this problem try to minimize the overall energy dissipation by the nodes in the network. While the LEACH protocol randomizes...

Recent works suggest that the use of ionic liquids in copper solvent extraction industry is feasible. However, reports did not real solutions (or synthetic with various elements). This fact remains poorly established, and interaction efficiencies are still under study. The objective this research to explore stripping four major elements present a industrial pregnant leach solution (Cu(II), Fe(I...

Spent Nickel cadmium batteries are classified as hazardous waste due to the presence of toxic cadmium in high concentration. Recycling of metal value by environmentally friendly process is the best option to obtain economical advantage and prevent environmental pollution. In the present investigation, a metal separation scheme is proposed for recovery of cadmium, nickel and cobalt from the leac...

A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy)is a hierarchical clustering protocol tha...

In this work, hydrometallurgical recycling of metals from high-cobalt-content spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) laptops was studied using precipitation and solvent extraction as alternative purification processes. Large amounts cobalt (58% by weight), along with nickel (6.2%), manganese (3.06%) lithium (6.09%) are present in LiCoO2 Li2CoMn3O8 prominent Co-rich phases the electrode material. Th...

Clustering is one of the main techniques used to increase the scalability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Furthermore, clustering can help to improve the energy efficiency of resource limited ad hoc network and increase the lifetime of sensor network. In this paper, we present a fuzzy clustering algorithm which improves the energy efficiency of LEACH protocol by using a better cluster head ...

As a classic clustering algorithm, LEACH is widely used in wireless sensor networks. Due to the random cluster head selection process, LEACH does not guarantee optimization for the number and position of cluster heads. In order to further optimize LEACH, an optimal energyefficient cluster-heads selection algorithm LEACH-G for LEACH protocol is presented. We calculate the optimal number of clust...

Wireless sensor networks are ad hoc networks comprised mainly of small sensor nodes with limited resources, and are rapidly emerging as a technology for large-scale, lowcost, automated sensing and monitoring of different environments of interest. Cluster-based communication has been proposed for these networks for various reasons such as scalability and energy efficiency. In this paper, we inve...

Wireless sensor network consists of large number of tiny sensor nodes which are usually deployed in a harsh environment. Self configuration and infrastructure less are the two fundamental properties of sensor networks. Sensor nodes are highly energy constrained devices because they are battery operated devices and due to harsh environment deployment it is impossible to change or recharge their ...