Genomes of hepatitis E virus (HEV), rubivirus and cutthroat virus (CTV) contain a region of high proline density and low amino acid (aa) complexity, named the polyproline region (PPR). In HEV genotypes 1, 3 and 4, it is the only region within the non-structural open reading frame (ORF1) with positive selection (4-10 codons with dN/dS>1). This region has the highest density of sites with homopla...

The changes in serum haptoglobin (Hp) and amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in sheep with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) were investigated. Additionally, the relationships between these acute phase proteins and clinical symptoms were studied. Twenty sheep showing PPR virus antibodies in c-ELISA and 10 sheep PPR virus negative were used as the experimental and control groups. In the clinical exam...

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are widespread in eukaryotes and in particular, include several hundred members in land plants. The majority of PPR proteins are localized in mitochondria and plastids, where they play a crucial role in various aspects of RNA metabolism at the post-transcriptional level in gene expression. However, many of their functions remain to be characterized. In co...

Peste des petits Ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. However PPR is more prevalent in sheep and goat. Competitive ELISA, Virus neutrilization test, and RT-PCR are the available techniques for diagnosis of PPR which give rapid detection where as Agar gel immunodiffusion and Counter immunoelectrophoresis were previou...

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein (PTHrP), regulated by Indian hedgehog and acting through the PTH/PTHrP receptor (PPR), is crucial for normal cartilage development. These observations suggest a possible role of PPR signaling in the postnatal growth plate; however, the role of PPR signaling in postnatal chondrocytes is unknown. In this study, we have generated tamoxifen-inducible and ca...

The present study was planned to carry out a seroprevalence study of PPR antibodies in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) including Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), using competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) kit. A total of 4548 serum samples collected from 26 locations of the NWFP including. Eight hundred twenty eight samples were found positive for PPR antibodies yielding an overall seropr...

Photoparoxysmal response (PPR) is an abnormal visual sensitivity of the brain in reaction to intermittent photic stimulation. It is an epilepsy-related electroencephalographic trait with high prevalence in idiopathic epilepsies, especially in common idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs), such as childhood absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. This degree of co-morbidity suggests ...

Mitochondria and chloroplasts host genomes inherited from their bacterial ancestors. Their biogenesis thus requires fully functional gene expression machineries. RNA metabolism in organ-elles is particular and has attracted considerable attention since it combines prokaryotic features with unique traits that evolved in their eukaryotic host cell. For a long time, most of the molecular factors g...

A small subset of the large pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family in higher plants contain a C-terminal small MutS-related (SMR) domain. Although few in number, they figure prominently in the chloroplast biogenesis and retrograde signaling literature due to their striking mutant phenotypes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of PPR-SMR proteins focusing on Arabidopsis and ma...

The Polynomial-Preserving Recovery (PPR) technique is extended to recover continuous gradients from C0 finite element solutions of an arbitrary order in 2D and 3D problems. The stability of the PPR is theoretically investigated in a general framework. In 2D, the stability is established under a simple geometric condition. The numerical experiments demonstrated that the PPR-recovered gradient en...