In this paper we consider the mixed telephone network of electric power utility consisting of IP, ISDN and Power Line Carrier links. Very important demand in the network is high availability. The central detector of IP and ISDN link failure (pre-alarm) is presented. The detector function is based on the prolonged response time of the network in the case of IP and ISDN link failure. We define un...

Cloud computing brings a number of advantages to consumers in terms of accessibility and elasticity. It is based on centralization of resources that possess huge processing power and storage capacities. Fog computing, in contrast, is pushing the frontier of computing away from centralized nodes to the edge of a network, to enable computing at the source of the data. On the other hand, Jungle co...

This approach was in keeping with the thinking of the time. Central control of power and resources had enabled governments to pull their economies out of the Great Depression and later to wage the Second World War. The application of Keynesian principles, which give a large role to central government in managing the economy, resulted in spectacular economic gains in the 1950s and 1960s. Central...

With today’s importance of distributed applications, their verification and analysis are still challenging. They involve large combinational states, interactive network communications between peers, and concurrency. Although there are some dynamic analysis tools for analyzing the runtime behavior of a single-process application, they do not provide methods to analyze distributed applications as...

A class of problems known as Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOP) has become a growing research interest in computer science because of its difficulty (NP-Complete) and many real-world applications (meeting scheduling, sensor networks, military planning). In this thesis we identify two types of centralization relevant to DCOPs: algorithmic centralization, in which a DCOP algorith...

OBJECTIVE Tests and measures, if confounded by behavioral signs, cloud interpretation of physical test results during clinical examination. The purpose of this study was to determine whether common behavioral signs and pain responses (i.e. centralization and non-centralization) were associated during initial examination. DESIGN Observational and designed to cross-tabulate pain responses to be...

Unionization Structures and Firms’ Incentives for Productivity Enhancing Investments* by Justus Haucap and Christian Wey This paper examines how unionization structures that differ in the degree of wage centralization affect firms' incentives to increase labor productivity. We distinguish three modes of unionization with increasing degree of centralization: (1) “Decentralization” where wages ar...

Abstract This article challenges the conventional wisdom about of Supreme Court’s impact on federalism and centralization. In particular, we argue that centralization Court is far less pronounced if decisions uphold federal state/local laws against challenge are classified as neutral rather than centralizing decentralizing, respectively. reclassification dramatically alters our understanding ro...