Crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics has long been considered energy intensive and costly. Over the past decades, spectacular improvements along manufacturing chain have made c-Si a low-cost source of electricity that can no longer be ignored. 125 GW modules installed in 2020, 95% overall photovoltaic (PV) market, over 700 cumulatively installed. There are some strong indications could beco...

Due to increasing pollution and the overexploitation of traditional energy, there is both an environmental a resource threat sustainable development. China’s government prioritizes optimization structures with photovoltaic industrial support policies address potential hazards traditionally highly polluting energy resources. However, applying green resources not panacea for solving existing as p...

Here, the effect of lightly Niobium doped TiO2 layer on the performance of perovskite solar cells has been studied by using solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS). N addition, the effects of Niobium concentration, buffer film thickness and operating temperature on the performance of the perovskite solar cell are investigated. For doping level of 3.0 mol% into the TiO2 layer, cell efficiency o...

This work presents the development and application of innovative sustainable transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials for contacting polysilicon (poly-Si) on (SiO x ) stacks used as passivating contacts in solar cell devices. Adding hydrogen into ZnO:Al (AZO) layers deposited by magnetron sputtering potentially leads to a twofold positive effect. First, it brings atoms layers, which can enh...

A comprehensive study is made of the behavior and effects of fluorine in n-polysilicon layers. The polysilicon is deposited in a conventional low pressure chemical vapor deposition furnace on ~100! silicon wafers, implanted with 1310 cm F and 1310 cm As and annealed at 850, 950, 1015, and 1065 °C. Sheet resistance, transmission electron microscopy ~TEM!, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy are ...

today, due to qualitative growth and scientific advances, energy, especially electricity is increasingly needed by human society. one of the almost endless and pure energy which have been paid attention over the years is the solar energy. solar cells directly convert solar energy into electrical energy and are one of the main blocks of photovoltaic systems. significant improvement has been made...

This paper presents a fabrication process that integrates polysilicon surface micromachining and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) bulk silicon micromachining. The process takes advantage of the design flexibility of polysilicon surface micromachining and the deep silicon structures possible with DRIE. As a demonstration, a torsional actuator driven by a combdrive moving in the out-of-plane dire...