Nahdlatul Ulama is the only major political party representing Muslims in national politics during implementation of guided democracy. NU's accommodative and flexible practices have made able to live continue survive difficult times. This inseparable from religious strategy, which its guideline. The theological basis based on theory fiqh ushul can be seen acceptance democracy concept. paper aim...

knowing that in distribution of khoms according to quran and imamid fiqh three portions out of six relates to needy sayyids so called bani hashim, the question is that are the hashimis who their mothers are sayyide - with non - sayyid father - deserved for khoms? as we know, mother-related children are legitimate, and the same as father-related ones, and there is no difference between them acco...

It is a piece of idle senthentality that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, or prevailing against the dungeon and the stake. Men are not more zealous for truth than they often are for error, and a sufficient application oflegal or even of social penalties will generally succeed in stopping the propagation of either. The real advantage which truth has, consists in th...

This paper develops a theory of the interaction between appropriative conflict and economic growth. Appropriative conflict, as measured by the diversion of resources, is viewed as the cost of securing effective property rights. We identify conditions under which conflict rises or falls as the rate of economic growth improves. The main implication of the analysis is that if the quality of proper...