Large scale programs for the control of poliomyelitis through the use of active immunization can be said to have started, both in the United States and elsewhere, in 1955. This step marked the end of a 40-year period in which experimental efforts to vaccinate against poliomyelitis had been repeatedly tried. As early as 1910, Dr. Simon Flexner, the Director of the Rockefeller Institute, and at t...

In 1999, Burkina Faso added measles vaccine during the second round of its poliomyelitis national immunization days (NIDs). A cluster survey was conducted in each of the country's 53 health districts to assess vaccination coverage achieved by the campaign. Forty-four percent of children aged 9-59 months had a documented prior measles vaccination, and 88% were vaccinated during NIDs. Eighty-five...

THE importance of infectious hepatitis as a world-wide problem has been highlighted in detail during the presentations made at this symposium. It is clear that as of today (May I 8, I968) there is no published report confirming the isolation of infectious hepatitis virus in a tissue-culture system or animal host. Experience with poliomyelitis, measles, and rubella has revealed that the time int...

BACKGROUND Pakistan and Afghanistan are two of the three remaining countries yet to interrupt wild-type poliovirus transmission. The increasing incidence of poliomyelitis in these countries during 2010-11 led the Executive Board of WHO in January, 2012, to declare polio eradication a "programmatic emergency for global public health". We aimed to establish why incidence is rising in these countr...

BACKGROUND The completion of poliomyelitis eradication is a global emergency for public health. In 2012, more than 50% of the world's cases occurred in Nigeria following an unanticipated surge in incidence. We aimed to quantitatively analyse the key factors sustaining transmission of poliomyelitis in Nigeria and to calculate clinical efficacy estimates for the oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) cur...

In the wake of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) program to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by the end of the year 2000 (in 1997 only 5,186 cases were reported world-wide), attention has focussed on the importance of good surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis, which is essential for a country to qualify for being declared polio-free, and on the occurrence of vaccine–associated paralytic ...

OBJECTIVE To describe a complication of oral vaccination with live, attenuated poliomyelitis virus in a child infected with HIV. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Teaching hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS A boy of 41/2 years and his mother. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Results of clinical and laboratory investigations. RESULTS Two weeks after receiving the second dose of oral poliomyelitis v...

Neuropathogenicity of poliovirus can be attenuated by mutations in the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) within the 5' nontranslated region of its genome. The Sabin vaccine strains used in prevention of poliomyelitis carry such mutations in their IRES elements. In addition, mutations within the structural and nonstructural proteins of Sabin strains may equally contribute to the attenuation p...

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been an effective strategy since it was initiated almost five decades ago. However, concern regarding its collateral effects has been increasing in recent years among the scientific and policymaker community, since it has proved to be of risk for immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals by causing cases and even outbreaks of poliomyelitis disease in countri...

An outbreak of poliomyelitis that occurred in the year 1992 in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, South India was investigated to understand the reasons for persistence of poliomyelitis in the general population and for the outbreak in Andhra Pradesh in particular. The study comprised of a detailed investigation of epidemiological and clinical features, serology and vaccination status and a ca...