OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and correlates for current cigarette smoking. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the East Timor-Leste Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in 2006. SETTING Public and private schools registered with the Ministry of Education. PARTICIPANTS A two-stage cluster sample of 1790 students in Grades 7 to 9. Schools were selected with probability proportional to e...

INTRODUCTION Understanding the characteristics of experimental smoking among youth is critical for designing prevention programs. This study examined which student- and school-level factors differentiated experimental smokers from never smokers in a nationally representative sample of Canadian students in grades 9 to 12. METHODS School-level data from the 2006 Canadian Census and one built en...

Background & objectives In India, health expenditure accounts for less than 5 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product and the level of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending is 69.5 per cent of total health expenditures. OOP expenditure exacerbates poverty and has a negative impact on equity and can increase the risk of vulnerable groups slipping into poverty. This study was conducted to estimate the OOP ...

Wirelessly interconnected handheld devices allow Collaborative 1:1, or faceto-face Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, which has shown to be a technology that fosters collaboration and constructivist learning. Dissemination of the technology has been slow mainly due to the technology cost. To provide Pocket PCs to a whole classroom is beyond emerging markets reach. Mobile phones are an a...

BACKGROUND Changes in third party financing, whether public or private, are linked to a household's ability to access dental care. By removing costs at point of purchase, changes in financing influence the need to reach into one's pocket, thus facilitating or limiting access. This study asks: How have historical changes in dental care financing influenced household out-of-pocket expenditures fo...

BACKGROUND Each year, 100 million people are impoverished globally as a result of expenditure on health. OBJECTIVE To assess the constraints and implications of out-of-pocket payment for health services among government employees in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, south east Nigeria. METHOD This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study instrument was a pre-tested, semi-structured self ad...

OBJECTIVES To document how out-of-pocket health expenditure can lead to debt in a poor rural area in Cambodia. METHODS After a dengue epidemic, 72 households with a dengue patient were interviewed to document health-seeking behaviour, out-of-pocket expenditure, and how they financed such expenditure. One year later, a follow-up visit investigated how the 26 households with an initial debt had...

background and aim: probing is the only reliable method for diagnosing periodontal diseases; however, it is a painful examination. the purpose of this study was evaluation of the effect of emla anesthetic gel on the level of pain upon probing in patients with chronic periodontitis referring to the periodontology department of the dental branch of islamic azad university of tehran during 2013-20...