Pneumatization of the intranasal turbinates or concha bullosa is an anatomic variation of the lateral nasal wall. Concha bullosa is defined as the presence of air cells in turbinates. It can be best diagnosed with paranasal sinus computed tomography. Concha bullosa is a possible etiologic factor for recurrent sinusitis due to its negative effect on paranasal sinus ventilation and mucociliary cl...

Craniocervical bony pneumatization is a rare finding, with limited numbers of cases reported in the literature. It is thought to be linked to Eustachian tube dysfunction and a ball valve mechanism, and has a link with recurrent Valsalva maneuvers. We report a case of pneumatization of the occiput, atlas (C1) and axis (C2) in a patient with extensive ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) surgical history w...

b a c k ground: over the past decades, instruments and techniques of the transsphenoidal approach have improved greatly. all of these procedures, whether microscopic or endoscopic, must pass through the sphenoid sinus to reach the lesions. the sphenoid sinus is surrounded by several vital anatomical structures. knowing the details of the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and the extent of pneumatiz...

Aim: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between sphenoid sinus pneuma¬tization and angle of Eustachian tube. Methods: The study included a total 158 patients. tube (ETA) was measured pneumatization classified in coronal plane. Results: According classification pneumatization, 52 (16%) hemi-sphenoids were type 1, 177 (56%) 2, 87 (27.5%) hemi-sphe¬noids 3. sagittal classifica...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to observe the pneumatization degree and adjacent structure of the posterior superior maxillary sinus (PSMS) and its effect on nasal cavity morphology. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included a total of 103 cases whose paranasal sinus CT scans had been analyzed. The pneumatization of the PSMS and its relationship with posterior ethmoid sinus (PEs) and spheno...

BACKGROUND Although air cells within temporal bone may play an important role in the transmission of pulsatile tinnitus (PT) noise, it has not been studied systematically. PURPOSE To evaluate the difference in temporal bone pneumatization between PT patients with sigmoid sinus diverticulum and/or dehiscence (SSDD) and healthy people. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 199 unilateral persistent...

Introduction  The sphenoid sinus (SS) has a high variability; its anatomical relations and variations must be well understood prior to the expanded endoscopic surgery (EES) at the skull base via the endonasal transsphenoidal approach. A feared complication is injury to the internal carotid artery (ICA). Objective  To evaluate the anatomic variations of the SS and its relationship to the ICA usi...

Arrested pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus is a developmental variant that is not always well recognized and is often confused with other pathologies associated with the skull base. This report describes the case of a patient referred for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging for dental implant therapy. CBCT demonstrated a well-defined incidental lesion in the left sphenoid sinus with...

BACKGROUND This study describes a novel computer-generated anatomic symmetry plane as a framework for the quantitative description of sphenoid sinus anatomy. The aim of this study was to (1) determine relationships and distances between a midline sphenoid reference point (called the central sphenoid point [CSP]) and lateral sphenoid wall structures and (2) assess the incidence of anterior clino...

Temporal bone pneumatization has been included in lists of characters used in phylogenetic analyses of human evolution. While studies suggest that the extent of pneumatization has decreased over the course of human evolution, little is known about the processes underlying these changes or their significance. In short, reasons for the observed reduction and the potential reorganization within pn...