Objectives: Concentrations of microbial cell wall components such as endotoxin and -D-glucan in airborne submicrometer particle size fraction (PM1, defined as particles with median aerodynamic diameter, da 1 m) have not been well characterized. In this study, airborne concentrations of endotoxin and -D-glucan among different size fractions were quantified in two distinctly different environment...

Three naturally and six mechanically ventilated microenvironments (MEs) of a mixed use commercial building in Delhi are used to study indoor–outdoor (I/O) relationships of particulate matter ≤10μm (PM10), ≤2.5μm (PM2.5) and ≤1μm (PM1). Effect of environmental and occupancy parameters on the concentrations of PM during working and non–working hours (i.e. activity and non-activity periods, respec...

Samples of PM1 were collected in the surroundings of coking plants located in southern Poland. Chemical fractionation provided information on the contents of trace elements As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se in all mobile (F1-F3) and not mobile (F4) fractions of PM1 in the vicinity of large sources of emissions related to energochemical processing of coal during the summer. The determine...

INTRODUCTION: In vivo gene electrotransfer (ET) is frequently used in preclinical gene therapy studies. The transient permeation of cell membranes facilitates therapeutic material transfection without resorting to viral vectors. Over the past decade, many studies have attempted to optimize ET protocols to increase efficiency while reducing variability of transgene expression and muscle damage. ...

Severe air pollution caused by large amount of pollutants and adverse synoptic processes appears often in Asia. However, limited studies on aerosols have been conducted under high emission intensity, and unique geographical and 10 meteorological conditions. In this study, an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and other state-of-the-art instruments wer...

A month (4 May to 8 June 2008) of ambient aerosol, air ion and gas phase sampling (Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment 2008, FAME-08) was conducted at Finokalia, on the island of Crete, Greece. The purpose of the study was to characterize the physical and chemical properties of aged aerosol and to investigate new particle formation. Measurements included aerosol and air ion size distributi...

In spite of epidemiological evidence concerning vehicular air pollution and adverse respiratory/cardiovascular health, many athletic fields and school playgrounds are adjacent to high traffic roadways and could present long-term health risks for exercising children and young adults. Particulate matter (PM(1),0.02-1.0 microm diameter) number counts were taken serially at four elementary school a...

This paper addresses the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (VRPSPD) which is the problem of optimally integrating goods deliver and pickup when there are no precedence restrictions on the order in which the operations must be performed. We review mixed integer programming formulations in the literature for VRPSPD and propose two new formulations, PM1 and PM2, for the...

The XLR gene family consists of approximately 10 X-linked genes, the expression of which is regulated in lymphocyte development. Certain members of the gene family are closely linked to the murine xid immune deficiency mutation. Sequence analysis of a cDNA clone pM1 derived from the plasmacytoma MOPC167 showed an open reading frame capable of coding for a protein of 208 amino acids and mol wt 2...