Partial Least Squares (PLS) has become an increasingly popular approach to testing research models with multiple proposed causality links. Moreover, recent interest in the specification of constructs in a formative manner has accentuated this tendency, given the purported ability of PLS to handle this methodological development. While a review of the literature reveals an extensive use of PLS i...

In the current era, competition among countries and regions is in fact among cities. Thus, how to measure urban competitiveness precisely is a basic and important question. The two main approaches to this are comprehensive evaluation based on a set of indicators and network analysis based on inter-city relations. However, both have shortcomings. In this study, we introduced structural equation ...

Customer satisfaction and retention are key issues for organizations in today’s competitive market place. As such, much research and revenue has been invested in developing accurate ways of assessing consumer satisfaction at both the macro (national) and micro (organizational) level, facilitating comparisons in performance both within and between industries. Since the instigation of the nationa...

Structural equation modelling (SEM) is now a popular technique in the social, behavioural and business sciences for exploring and assessing complex linear relationships among many variables, in particular between endogenous and exogenous latent variables that cannot be directly observed but that must be inferred by means of manifest indicator variables, that is variables measured without error....

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Abstract Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is a modern multivariate analysis technique with demonstrated ability to estimate theoretically established cause-effect relationship models. This has been increasingly adopted in construction management research over the last two decades. Accordingly, critical review of studies adopting PLS-SEM appears be timely and valuable...

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is an important tool to estimate a network of causal relationships linking two or more complex concepts. The PLS approach to SEM, also known as component based SEM, is becoming more prominent for estimating large complex models due to its soft modeling assumptions. This ‘soft modeling’ refers to the greater flexibility of PLS technique in developing and valida...