Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens cause destructive diseases in crops and pose real economic and food security threats [1]. These filamentous, eukaryotic organisms can also upset natural ecosystems when they spread invasively [2]. The capability of plant immune systems to detect and respond to pathogen effector proteins is a major determinant of disease susceptibility. Plant pathogen effector...

Plants and animals produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to infection. In plants, ROS not only activate defense responses and promote cell death to limit the spread of pathogens but also restrict the amount of cell death in response to pathogen recognition. Plants also use hormones, such as salicylic acid, to mediate immune responses to infection. However, there are long-lasting bio...

Defense of attempted infection depends on the host’s ability to sense invading pathogens and rapidly activate immune responses. Pathogens, in turn, use a repertoire of evasion strategies and virulence factors to circumvent the host’s surveillance and defense systems. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a complex glycolipid covering the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria, is a virulence factor shieldi...

Plant immune systems rely on their ability to recognize enemy molecules, carry out signal transduction, and respond defensively through pathways involving many genes products. This Perspective paper aims explore current views the vaccination (immunization) of plants against diseases caused by microorganisms (macro)molecular components, paying special attention practical applications. We conclud...

Recognition of Microbe/Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Plant innate immunity depends on the timely discrimination of self from nonself, which, as in animal cells, can be accomplished by membrane-anchored pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors monitor the exterior space for microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns or MAMPs (also called PAMPs) by binding to them direct...

Resistance to pathogens is one of the most ancient traits; mechanisms for discriminating self from non-self have evolved to accomplish this task. Animal and plant immune systems use a set of similar receptors to recognize pathogens. These receptors are located either at the cell surface or inside the cell. Kinases modulate further signalling and are either associated to the receptors or are par...