Various phytoconstituents obtained from nature have wide biological activities in chronic diseases and have wide therapeutic efficacy. The main advantage of using phytoconstituents is it provides free from adverse effects treatment where none of the medication can do. However, the physiochemical properties such as poor solubility, poor permeation, and non-targeting at the active site will creat...

Silymarin, a flavonolignan derived from Silybum marianum, possesses diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective. Although clinical trials have shown silymarin is safe at high doses (>1500 mg/day) in humans, the pharmacokinetic studies over the past three decades related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, ...

Natural products have limitation in the bioavailability of active components because numbers reasons which includes poor solubility ingredient, stability due to gastric and colonic acidity, metabolism by effect gut microflora, absorption across intestinal wall, efflux mechanism first-pass metabolic effects these factors make failure clinical trials efficacy natural phytochemicals used for human...