Present-day correlations between leaf physiognomic traits (shape and size) and climate are widely used to estimate paleoclimate using fossil floras. For example, leaf-margin analysis estimates paleotemperature using the modern relation of mean annual temperature (MAT) and the site-proportion of untoothed-leaf species (NT). This uniformitarian approach should provide accurate paleoclimate recons...

Thephylogenetic relationships among11 species of theCervidae familywere inferred fromananalysis ofmale vocalizations. Eighteen characters, including call types (e.g. antipredator barks, mating loudcalls) and acoustic characteristics (call composition, fundamental frequency and formant frequencies), were used for phylogeny inference. The resulting topology and the phylogenetic consistency of beh...

Aim Phylogenetic studies concerning island biogeography have been concentrated in a fraction of the numerous hot-spot archipelagos contained within the Pacific Ocean. In this study we investigate relationships among island populations of the thomisid spiderMisumenops rapaensis Berland, 1934 across the Austral Islands, a remote and rarely examined southern Pacific hot-spot archipelago. We also a...

Phylobetadiversity is defined as the phylogenetic resemblance between communities or biomes. Analyzing phylobetadiversity patterns among different vegetation physiognomies within a single biome is crucial to understand the historical affinities between them. Based on the widely accepted idea that different forest physiognomies within the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest constitute different f...

An ideographic concept of character is indispensable to phylogenetic inference. Hennig proposed that characters be conceptualized as ‘‘transformation series’’, a proposal that is firmly grounded in evolutionary theory and consistent with the method of inferring transformation events as evidence of phylogenetic propinquity. Nevertheless, that concept is usually overlooked or rejected in favor of...

results the present work figured out that the heterogeneity of the quasispecies of our local strains 4a was high showing up 15% diversity. this study also showed four glycosylation sites that play an important role in the entry of the virus and protein folding. besides, different epitpoes were identified in different regions of the e1 and e2 domains; a finding which would help in determining th...

peanut plants showing mottling, yellow and necrotic spots on leaves were collected from peanut fields in golestan province. electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of flexuous filamentous particles ca. 700 nm in length, which was suggestive of a potyvirus infection. healthy nicotiana benthamiana plants mechanically inoculated with sap from infected peanut plants showed mottling, down...