Identifying the most sensitive indicators to changes in fishing pressure is important for accurately detecting impacts. Biomass is thought to be more sensitive than abundance and length, while the wariness of fishes is emerging as a new metric. Periodically harvested closures (PHCs) that involve the opening and closing of an area to fishing are the most common form of fisheries management in th...

OBJECTIVES The rapid increase in drug expenditure has become a major source of public criticism in China. In 2009, the National Essential Medicine System (NEMS) was launched in China to control drug prices and improve access to medicines. This study investigated whether and to what extent the prices of essential medicines were reduced after the introduction of NEMS. METHODS Data were obtained...

Burkina Faso implemented a national subsidy for emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) covering 80% of the cost of normal childbirth in public health facilities. The objective was to increase coverage of facility-based deliveries. After implementation of the EmONC policy, coverage increased across the country, but disparities were observed between districts and between primary healthcare...

BACKGROUND Public Health Centers (PHCs) throughout Japan have been playing a role in preventing HIV in Japan. The number of HIV seropositive persons and AIDS patients is increasing from year to year in Japan. METHODS A survey regarding the HIV antibody test was sent out to 594 PHCs between January 1997 and December 2001. The response rate was 73.9%. In order to assess the HIV testing system a...

Tamilnadu state of India witnessed an increasing trend of institutional deliveries since the beginning of 1990s, with decline of domiciliary deliveries to nearly zero now. Among the institutional deliveries, a shift has been observed since 2006 wherein primary health centres (PHC) have shown a four-fold increase in the number of deliveries while other public and private health facilities showed...

BACKGROUND AND AIM COPD is a progressive and irreversible disease, thus assessing the impact of the disease on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is important in the management of COPD. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between HRQOL, lung function and dyspnea rating in patients with stable COPD. METHODS One hundred COPD patients (mean age = 64.76 +/- 11.43 years) were...

BACKGROUND Attracting physicians to rural areas has been a long-standing challenge in India. Government efforts to address the shortage of rural physicians include posting non-physician clinicians (NPCs) at primary health centers (PHCs) in select areas. Performance assessments of NPCs have typically focused on the technical quality of their care with little attention to the perspectives of pati...

We aimed to describe and compare patients diagnosed with malignant melanoma (MM), depending on their initial contact with care and with regard to age, sex, and MM type and thickness, and to explore pathways and time intervals (lead times) between clinics from the initial contact to diagnosis and treatment. The sample from northern Sweden was identified via the Swedish melanoma register. Data re...

background: in some primary health care settings, even where the health services are not available, provisions are not made to ensure continuity of care. this study aimed to determine the availability and level of continuity of care for maternal health services in the primary health centers (phcs) in nnewi, nigeria. methods: this was a cross‑sectional survey. using multistage sampling technique...

IO N Control of spontaneous emission (SE) is central to many applications involved with photon management including light emitting sources, [ 1–3 ] solar energy [ 4 , 5 ] and quantum information processing. [ 6 , 7 ] For example, control of the direction of SE may facilitate more effi cient light extraction in optical display devices. Spectral redistribution of SE may permit more photons to cou...